Building a Lunar Network: Johnson Tests Wireless Technologies for the Moon

Building a Lunar Network: Johnson Tests Wireless Technologies for the Moon
by Sumer Loggins for JSC News
Houston TX (SPX) Sep 25, 2025

NASA engineers are strapping on backpacks loaded with radios, cameras, and antennas to test technology that might someday keep explorers connected on the lunar surface. Their mission: test how astronauts on the Moon will stay connected during Artemis spacewalks using 3GPP (LTE/4G and 5G) and Wi-Fi technologies.

"It's exciting to bring lunar spacewalks into the 21st century with the immersive, high-definition experience that will make people feel like they're right there with the astronauts, said Raymond Wagner, NASA's Lunar 3GPP Project Principal Investigator

With Artemis, NASA will establish a long-term presence at the Moon, opening more of the lunar surface to exploration than ever before. This growth of lunar activity will require astronauts to communicate seamlessly with each other and with science teams back on Earth.

"We're working out what the software that uses these networks needs to look like," said Raymond Wagner, principal investigator in NASA's Lunar 3GPP project and member of Johnson Space Center's Exploration Wireless Laboratory (JEWL) in Houston. "We're prototyping it with commercial off-the-shelf hardware and open-source software to show what pieces are needed and how they interact."

The next big step comes with Artemis III, which will land a crew on the Moon and carry a 4G/LTE demonstration to stream video and audio from the astronauts on the lunar surface.

The vision goes further. "Right now the lander or rover will host the network," Wagner said. "But if we go to the Moon to stay, we may eventually want actual cell towers. The spacesuit itself is already becoming the astronaut's cell phone, and rovers could act as mobile hotspots. Altogether, these will be the building blocks of communication on the Moon."

Back at Johnson, teams are simulating lunar spacewalks, streaming video, audio, and telemetry over a private 5G network to a mock mission control. The work helps engineers refine how future systems will perform in challenging environments. Craters, lunar regolith, and other terrain features all affect how radio signals travel - lessons that will also carry over to Mars.

For Wagner, the project is about shaping how humanity experiences the next era of exploration. "We're aiming for true HD on the Moon," he said. "It's going to be pretty mind-blowing."